Thus, disruptions to community plant-AMF associations in local ecosystems may support system dominance by invaders ( van der Heijden et al. 2006), and would cause shifts in native plant communities ( van der Heijden et al. 2002, Greipsson and DiTommaso 2006, Hawkes et al.
1996, Bever 2002, Klironomos 2003), responses of AMF communities to invaders would be potentially highly disadvantageous to established native species ( Helgason et al. Given that AMF are functionally diverse and confer differential benefits to plants ( Sanders and Fitter 1992, Bever et al. 2009).ĪMF species richness has been shown to affect plant productivity, and observed shifts in plant-AMF associations could impact plant community structure ( Simberloff and Von Holle 1999, Maherali and Klironomos 2007). 1994, Borowicz 2001, Klironomos 2002, Pozo and Azćon-Aguilar 2007, Van der Putten et al. AMF are also known to provide protection from a variety of microbial pathogens to their host plants ( Newsham et al. 2002, Bonfante 2003, Brundrett 2004, DeBellis and Widden 2006, Greipsson and DiTommaso 2006, Parniske 2008, Shah et al. 2001, Bianciotto and Bonfante 2002, Vandenkoornhuyse et al. Plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are typically more competitive and better able to tolerate environmental stresses than are non-mycorrhizal or poorly colonized plants ( Biermann and Linderman 1983, Daniell et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal plant-fungal symbioses form highly specialized ‘nutrient-exchange’ structures (vesicles and arbuscules) at the plant-fungus interface and are recognized as being a particularly beneficial group of root endophytes. Plant invasions have resulted in observable shifts in the above ground plant communities, and there is evidence that soil fungi are also being significantly altered as the invasion process progresses ( Hallett 2006, Mummey and Rillig 2006, Stinson et al.
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